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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration
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Coracoid morphology is not associated with subscapularis tears.

Viktor C Tollemar1, Jianhua Wang2, Jason L Koh3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|February 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Coracoid morphology, including coracohumeral distance (CHD), lateral extent (LE), and caudal extent (CE), showed no correlation with subscapularis tears in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. These findings suggest coracoplasty may not be necessary for subscapularis repair.

Keywords:
Coracoidcoracohumeral distancecoracoid morphologycoracoplastysubscapularissubscapularis tear

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Shoulder Arthroscopy
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging

Background:

  • The roller-wringer effect suggests a link between coracoid bone shape and subscapularis muscle tears.
  • Previous research has not definitively established this relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between coracoid morphology and subscapularis pathology.
  • To determine if coracohumeral distance (CHD), lateral extent (LE), and caudal extent (CE) of the coracoid process correlate with subscapularis tears.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 201 patients (≥45 years) who underwent shoulder arthroscopy.
  • Blind measurement of CHD, LE, and CE from preoperative MRI scans.
  • Assessment of subscapularis tear severity using Lafosse grading criteria and operative reports.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant correlation was found between CHD and subscapularis injury (P = .36).
  • No significant correlation was observed between LE and subscapularis injury (P = .36).
  • No significant correlation was found between CE and subscapularis injury (P = .13).

Conclusions:

  • Coracoid morphology metrics (CHD, LE, CE) are not associated with subscapularis tears.
  • Findings do not support coracoid morphology as a cause of subscapularis pathology.
  • Prophylactic coracoplasty or its use in subscapularis repair may not be indicated based on these metrics.