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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training
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The lowdown on low-dose naltrexone.

Nadine Shabeeb1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA.

Cutis
|February 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is an emerging off-label treatment targeting inflammation for various skin conditions. Dermatologists should understand its mechanism, prescription, and potential side effects for patient consultation.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is gaining attention in dermatology.
  • It is used off-label for inflammatory skin conditions.
  • LDN functions by modulating the inflammatory response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform dermatologists about Low-dose naltrexone (LDN).
  • To explain the mechanism of action of LDN.
  • To guide the prescription and monitoring of LDN for dermatologic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on LDN in dermatology.
  • Analysis of LDN's anti-inflammatory pathways.
  • Discussion of clinical applications and safety profiles.

Main Results:

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  • LDN offers a novel approach to managing inflammatory skin diseases.
  • Its efficacy is linked to immune modulation and reduced neuroinflammation.
  • Common side effects are generally mild and transient.

    • Conclusions:

    • LDN presents a viable alternative treatment option for specific inflammatory dermatoses.
    • Further research is warranted to establish definitive treatment protocols.
    • Dermatologists require comprehensive knowledge for safe and effective LDN utilization.