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Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
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List-level control in the flanker task.

Julie M Bugg1, Corentin Gonthier2

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|February 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

List-level cognitive control, previously seen only in the Stroop task, is now demonstrated in letter flanker tasks. This control is absent when simple stimulus-response learning is encouraged, suggesting it

Keywords:
Cognitive controlflanker taskproactive controlproportion congruency effects

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive control theories propose multiple control levels, including list-level control (proactive attentional biasing across trials).
  • Evidence for list-level control has predominantly been documented in the Stroop task.
  • The generality of list-level control in other conflict tasks remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the generality of cognitive control theories by examining list-level control in letter flanker tasks.
  • To investigate conditions influencing the presence or absence of list-level control.
  • To develop and validate a method for isolating list-level control in tasks with limited stimuli, like the arrow flanker task.

Main Methods:

  • Employed established methods using diagnostic items to identify list-level control in letter flanker tasks.
  • Manipulated experimental designs to explore the impact of stimulus-response association learning on list-level control.
  • Developed a modified design for the arrow flanker task to isolate list-level control in limited-stimulus paradigms.

Main Results:

  • List-level control was observed for the first time in a letter flanker task using diagnostic items (Experiment 1).
  • List-level control was not observed when designs promoted simple stimulus-response association learning (Experiment 2).
  • List-level control was successfully observed in the arrow flanker task with a modified design (Experiment 3).

Conclusions:

  • Findings support generalizability of dual-mechanisms/multiple levels of control theories.
  • List-level control may function as a last resort mechanism, particularly when stimulus-response associations are weak.
  • The modified arrow flanker task design offers a potential method for studying list-level control in other limited-stimulus conflict tasks.