Latent tuberculosis in the general practice context

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an asymptomatic condition that may progress to active tuberculosis (TB), sometimes decades after exposure. Most people with active TB in Australia have not had recent contact and have been unaware of their risk. Tests for LTBI are available, allowing for diagnosis and preventive therapy to avoid active disease.

The aim of this article is to review current approaches to the diagnosis and management of LTBI, with particular focus on the Australian general practice setting. Groups at elevated risk of having LTBI and progressing to active disease are outlined. Recent research into the prevalence and distribution of LTBI in Australia is reviewed, and Australian guidelines for testing and treatment are summarised.

LTBI occurs in an estimated 5% of all Australian residents. However, this is a particular issue for those born in TB-endemic countries. Approximately 17% of all overseas-born Australian residents, but only 0.4% of Australian-born residents, have LTBI. Appropriate diagnosis and management is an important long-term health promotion activity, and many people with LTBI can be managed safely and effectively in Australian general practice settings.