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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Unconventional Spin Relaxation Involving Localized Vibrational Modes in Ho Single-Atom Magnets.

F Donati1,2,3, S Rusponi2, S Stepanow4

  • 1Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 03760 Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Physical Review Letters
|March 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single atom magnets containing Holmium (Ho) exhibit exceptionally long spin relaxation times, even at high temperatures and magnetic fields. This unique behavior is driven by local vibrations, unlike other magnetic systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Magnetism
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Understanding spin relaxation in single-atom magnets is crucial for developing quantum technologies.
  • Holmium (Ho) atoms on MgO/Ag(100) surfaces present a unique system for studying magnetic properties at the atomic scale.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spin relaxation dynamics of Ho single atom magnets on a MgO/Ag(100) surface.
  • To determine the influence of temperature and magnetic field on spin relaxation.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for observed relaxation behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of spin relaxation as a function of temperature and magnetic field.
  • Theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT).

Main Results:

  • Ho single atom magnets demonstrate thermally activated spin relaxation at low magnetic fields.
  • Relaxation times exceed 1000 seconds up to 30 K and 8 T, contrasting with faster relaxation in single molecule magnets and bulk impurities at high fields.
  • A two-phonon Raman process, activated by local vibrations, was identified as the dominant relaxation mechanism, showing a peak near zero field and suppression at higher fields.

Conclusions:

  • Local vibrations play a critical role in the spin relaxation of axially coordinated Ho atoms.
  • The observed unconventional magnetic field dependence of relaxation is attributed to a field-suppressed two-phonon Raman process.
  • This study highlights the importance of lattice dynamics in controlling magnetic properties at the single-atom level.