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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
1Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
Abstract:
Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) requires immediate treatments because it impairs perfusion to systemic organs and their function. Half of all patients with ADHF are diagnosed with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). The initial goal of management for ADHF is to stabilize hemodynamic status. Pulmonary edema is treated with vasodilators or diuretics. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and β-blockers should be started and/or increased to meet the maximum dose, ideally the target dose, that the patient can tolerate as a treatment of HFrEF. Patients with severe circulatory failure need inotropic drugs or mechanical circulatory support.
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