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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Transforming solid-state precipitates via excess vacancies.

Laure Bourgeois1,2, Yong Zhang3, Zezhong Zhang3,4,5

  • 1Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia. laure.bourgeois@monash.edu.

Nature Communications
|March 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Difficult phase transformations in aluminium alloys are accelerated by nanoscale dimensions. Heating nanoscale solids creates vacancies, promoting nucleation of strengthening precipitates and other phases via a template-directed pathway.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Physical Metallurgy

Background:

  • Solid-state precipitation transformations, crucial for strengthening alloys, often exhibit unexpected difficulties in nucleation.
  • Nucleation of strengthening precipitates in high-strength lightweight aluminum alloys is a classic example of such challenging transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nucleation mechanism of the strengthening θ' phase in aluminum-copper alloys using a template-directed approach.
  • To understand how nanoscale dimensions influence solid-state phase transformations and precipitate nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic-scale imaging techniques to observe nanoscale structures.
  • Computational simulations to model atomic interactions and transformations.
  • Classical nucleation theory calculations to quantify nucleation rates.
  • Experimental investigation of aluminum-copper alloy systems.

Main Results:

  • Solid-state nucleation of the θ' phase can be significantly promoted in samples with at least one nanoscale dimension.
  • Extremely high nucleation rates were observed for both the strengthening θ' phase and an unexpected secondary phase.
  • The observed template-directed nucleation is attributed to a large influx of surface vacancies generated by heating nanoscale solids.

Conclusions:

  • Template-directed solid-state nucleation, facilitated by excess vacancies in nanoscale materials, offers a pathway to overcome difficult phase transformations.
  • This nucleation mechanism is replicable in bulk alloys and under electron irradiation, highlighting the general importance of sustained excess vacancy concentrations.