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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Measurements of CO2 Fluxes at Non-Ideal Eddy Covariance Sites

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A Multi-Function Sensor for Eddy Correlation Measurements of Benthic Flux.

Irene H Hu¹, Harold F Hemond¹

¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.

IEEE Sensors Journal

|March 12, 2020

Summary

A new sensor, FACT, expands Eddy Correlation (EC) measurements to fluorescing compounds and tracers like heat and salinity. This advancement allows for broader applications of EC in aquatic ecosystems to study benthic fluxes.

Keywords:

benthic fluxes chemical sensors eddy correlation geoscience optical sensors

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Published on: August 3, 2016

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Aquatic Chemistry
Sensor Technology

Background:

Eddy Correlation (EC) measures substance transport between sediments and water in aquatic systems.
Current EC applications are limited to compounds like dissolved oxygen due to sensor limitations.
Measuring diverse benthic fluxes is crucial for understanding aquatic ecosystem processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce FACT, a novel sensor system for expanding EC measurements.
To enable high-speed, multi-substance benthic flux measurements.
To enhance the applicability of EC in various aquatic environments.

Main Methods:

Development of FACT: an optical fiber spectrofluorometer with conductivity and temperature sensors.
Integration of FACT with a velocity sensor for a complete EC system.
Laboratory testing of the FACT-equipped EC system for measuring fluxes of fluorescing compounds, heat, and salinity.

Main Results:

FACT successfully measured benthic fluxes of fluorescing compounds, heat, and salinity.
Measured fluxes tracked each other and compared favorably with expected values.
The system demonstrated simultaneous multi-substance flux measurement capabilities.

Conclusions:

FACT significantly expands the range of compounds measurable by EC in aquatic ecosystems.
The ability to measure multiple fluxes provides insights into EC system performance.
This technology broadens the scope of EC applications in natural waters and aids in understanding submarine groundwater discharge.