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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Novel Protocol for Intracameral Injections to Enhance Precision in Rodent Ophthalmology
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Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review.

Jonathan Han1, Nicholas T Rinella1, Daniel L Chao1

  • 1Shiley Eye Institute, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
|March 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

No single anesthetic method is superior for intravitreal injections. This review found topical anesthetics and subconjunctival injections equally effective with minimal adverse events for pain management.

Keywords:
anesthesiaintravitreal injectionmanagementpainreview

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Intravitreal injections are common in ophthalmology.
  • Anesthesia approaches for this procedure lack standardization.
  • This review examines current anesthesia methods for intravitreal injections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review anesthesia techniques for intravitreal injections.
  • To compare the efficacy of different anesthetic methods.
  • To assess adverse events associated with these anesthetics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov.
  • Keywords: "anesthesia", "pain management", "intravitreal injection".
  • 12 relevant studies were analyzed for comparative efficacy and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia techniques included topical eyedrops, gels, pledgets, and subconjunctival injections.
  • No statistically significant superiority was found for any single anesthetic or delivery method.
  • Adverse events reported were generally insignificant.

Conclusions:

  • Current literature does not identify a superior anesthetic method for intravitreal injections.
  • Further research is needed to explore the efficacy of various intravitreal anesthesia forms.