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Related Concept Videos

DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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The DNA Helix01:16

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Overview
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The DNA Helix01:07

The DNA Helix

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules
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Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

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Circular Nucleic Acids: Discovery, Functions and Applications.

Jiuxing Li1, Mostafa Mohammed-Elsabagh1, Freeman Paczkowski1

  • 1M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology
|March 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular nucleic acids (CNAs) offer unique advantages like stability and resistance to degradation. This review explores their natural occurrence, artificial construction, and applications in nanodevices, biosensing, and drug delivery.

Keywords:
AptamersCircular nucleic acidsDNAzymesFunctional nucleic acidsRolling circle amplification

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Circular nucleic acids (CNAs) possess a closed-loop structure conferring enhanced stability and resistance to degradation.
  • Circular functional nucleic acids (cFNAs) integrate catalytic or binding functionalities (ribozymes, DNAzymes, aptamers) with CNA properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery, biogenesis, and applications of naturally occurring CNAs.
  • To discuss methods for constructing artificial CNAs.
  • To explore the applications of cFNAs in nanodevice engineering, biosensing, and drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of naturally occurring and artificial CNAs.
  • Discussion of CNA construction methodologies.
  • Analysis of cFNA applications in various fields.

Main Results:

  • CNAs exhibit superior thermodynamic stability and resistance to exonucleases compared to linear counterparts.
  • Artificial CNAs can be synthesized using various construction techniques.
  • cFNAs enable novel applications in molecular devices, ultra-sensitive biosensing via rolling circle amplification, and multivalent drug delivery scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • Circular nucleic acids offer significant advantages for biotechnological applications.
  • Functionalized circular nucleic acids represent a versatile platform for advanced nanodevices, diagnostics, and therapeutics.