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Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
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Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
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Three-dimensional imaging techniques are essential in cell biology, allowing researchers to visualize intricate cellular structures with high resolution. Two prominent methods, Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC) and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM), provide distinct advantages for imaging live and thick specimens, respectively.Differential Interference Contrast MicroscopyDIC microscopy enhances contrast in transparent, unstained samples by converting phase...
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Two-dimensional (2D) microscopy encompasses a range of optical techniques that capture images within a single focal plane, offering detailed representations of microscopic structures. These techniques are essential in biological and medical research, enabling the visualization of cellular and subcellular structures with different levels of contrast and specificity.There are several major types of 2D microscopy, each with strengths and applications.Bright-Field MicroscopyBright-field microscopy...
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In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
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Microtomographic Analysis of Resin Composite Core Material Porosity.

Howard Roberts1,2, Rodrigo Fuentealba3, John Brewster2

  • 1Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, KY.

Journal of Prosthodontics : Official Journal of the American College of Prosthodontists
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Summary

Micro-computed tomography (microCT) revealed significant differences in porosity among ten resin composite core materials. Porosity varied widely, with some materials showing minimal voids and others exhibiting higher levels, impacting material integrity.

Keywords:
Core materialMicroCTPorosityResin composite

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Advanced Imaging Techniques

Background:

  • Resin composite core materials are crucial for dental restorations.
  • Understanding their porosity is essential for predicting clinical performance and longevity.
  • Nondestructive evaluation methods are preferred for material characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To nondestructively evaluate and compare the porosity of ten contemporary resin composite core materials.
  • To quantify closed pore number, volume, and percentage using micro-computed tomography (microCT).
  • To identify differences in porosity among various dual-cure, visible light-cure, and self-cure materials.

Main Methods:

  • Ten resin composite core materials were fabricated according to manufacturer instructions.
  • Specimens were analyzed using microCT at 5.3-µm resolution.
  • Image analysis software was used to quantify porosity parameters, with statistical analysis performed using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn tests.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in mean percent total porosity were observed across the ten materials.
  • Ti-Core exhibited the highest porosity (2.2%), while Rebilda DC showed the lowest (0.02%).
  • A pilot study indicated porosity can be introduced during the mixing of dual-cure resins via automix tips.

Conclusions:

  • A broad spectrum of porosity exists among contemporary resin composite core materials.
  • Further research is needed to evaluate more materials, automix tip performance, and unmixed material porosity.
  • These findings highlight the importance of material selection and handling for minimizing porosity.