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Related Concept Videos

Density00:56

Density

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Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
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Density and Archimedes' Principle01:05

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When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of its shape, the clay boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force, even though its mass is the same. The same holds true for steel ships. The average density of an object majorly determines if the object will float. If an object's average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will float. The...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Units and Standards of Measurement01:10

Units and Standards of Measurement

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A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, consider a metallic cube. We might define its mass and dimensions by specifying methods for measuring them, such as using a weighing machine and a meter scale. Then, we could define the volume by stating that it is the cube of its side, and we could calculate the density as the mass divided by the volume.
Measurements of physical quantities are...
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Measurement: Derived Units03:02

Measurement: Derived Units

53.5K
The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
53.5K
Ordinal Level of Measurement00:55

Ordinal Level of Measurement

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The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Data measured using an ordinal scale are similar to nominal scale data, but there is one major difference. The ordinal scale data can be ordered. An example of ordinal scale data is a list of the top five national parks...
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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon
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A Density Scale Based on Solid Objects.

Horace A Bowman1, Randall M Schoonover1, C Leon Carroll1

  • 1Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
|March 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Four silicon crystals now serve as U.S. working density standards, crucial for calibrating future measurements. This advancement ensures precise density determinations across research and industry with high accuracy.

Keywords:
Density standardhydrostatic weighingperfect spheresiliconspherical interferometerspherical volumevolume standard

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metrology
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Accurate density standards are fundamental for scientific and industrial measurements.
  • Previous density standards lacked the precision required for advanced research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a new set of working density standards using single crystal silicon.
  • To ensure future density work in the United States is traceable to these new standards.
  • To enable the calibration of other density standards for associated laboratories.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a custom-developed interferometer to precisely measure the diameter of steel balls.
  • Calculated ball volumes from measured diameters.
  • Employed a novel hydrostatic weighing experiment to transfer volumetric data to silicon crystals.

Main Results:

  • Determined the density of four single crystal silicon samples with high precision.
  • Achieved a random uncertainty (3 standard deviations) of 0.7 parts per million (ppm).
  • Estimated the systematic error to be approximately 0.7 ppm.

Conclusions:

  • The four silicon crystals are established as reliable working density standards.
  • These standards provide a highly accurate reference for future density measurements in the U.S.
  • The developed methodology allows for the calibration of other density standards.