Epitope-based vaccine design: a comprehensive overview of bioinformatics approaches

Computational epitope-based vaccine design is the cornerstone of vaccine development. Owing to the selection of proper compositions [antigens (Ags), epitopes, peptide linkers, and intramolecular adjuvants], epitope-based vaccines are considered a cost- and time-effective approach resulting in the development of vaccines with maximal therapeutic efficacy and minimal adverse reactions. In this review, we provide insights into in silico epitope-based vaccine design and highlight vaccinology procedures used for the development of the next-generation vaccines with high effectiveness.