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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Direct Protein Delivery to Mammalian Cells Using Cell-permeable Cys2-His2 Zinc-finger Domains
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Proteolistics: A Protein Delivery Method.

Susana Martin-Ortigosa1,2, Kan Wang3

  • 1Department of Agronomy and Crop Bioengineering Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed "proteolistics," a method for delivering proteins into plant cells using biolistics. This technique enables transgene-free genome editing in plants by directly introducing proteins or protein/RNA complexes.

Keywords:
BiolisticsGene-gunIntracellular deliveryProtein deliveryProteolistics

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Intracellular protein delivery is crucial for plant research and genome editing.
  • Current methods can lead to transgene integration, complicating research.
  • There is a need for efficient, transgene-free protein delivery systems in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel protocol for intracellular protein delivery in plant cells.
  • To enable transgene-free genome editing in plants.
  • To introduce a biolistics-based method termed 'proteolistics'.

Main Methods:

  • A protocol for delivering a protein/gold particle mixture into plant cells via biolistics.
  • Drying a protein/gold suspension directly onto a gene-gun cartridge or macrocarrier.
  • Utilizing the Bio-Rad PDS-1000/He particle delivery device for bombardment.

Main Results:

  • Successful intracellular delivery of proteins into plant cells was achieved.
  • The described method, 'proteolistics,' facilitates protein/protein-RNA complex delivery.
  • This approach allows for the production of gene-edited plants without genomic transgene integration.

Conclusions:

  • Proteolistics offers an effective method for intracellular protein delivery in plants.
  • This technique is valuable for plant research, particularly for genome editing applications.
  • It provides a pathway to generate transgene-free edited plants, advancing the field.