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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Updated: Dec 24, 2025

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Rheumatology in Malaysia.

Swan Sim Yeap1, Suk Chyn Gun2, Esha Das Gupta3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Subang Jaya Medical Centre, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. swanyeap@gmail.com.

Rheumatology International
|April 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatology in Malaysia shows progress despite a low specialist ratio. Research output has increased significantly, but access to advanced treatments like biological therapies remains limited for patients with musculoskeletal conditions.

Keywords:
EducationMalaysiaPracticeResearchRheumatologyTraining

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Musculoskeletal Diseases
  • Healthcare Systems

Background:

  • Malaysia faces a substantial burden of disability from musculoskeletal diseases.
  • Rheumatology is an emerging specialty in Malaysia with a low rheumatologist-to-population ratio (1:390,000), concentrated in urban areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of rheumatological research, healthcare system, and training in Malaysia.
  • To highlight the progress and challenges in rheumatology care within the country.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of publications on rheumatological conditions from Malaysia (1950-2019).
  • Analysis of the Malaysian healthcare system's structure, funding for treatments, and training programs.
  • Assessment of continuing medical education initiatives.

Main Results:

  • A 27-fold increase in publications on rheumatological conditions was observed between pre-1980 and 2010-2019.
  • Universal healthcare access exists, but funding for expensive biological therapies is scarce, leading to under-utilization.
  • Formal rheumatology training and musculoskeletal ultrasound training were established in 2004 and 2006, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Despite a limited number of rheumatologists, Malaysian rheumatology has advanced significantly in the last two decades.
  • Continued improvements in patient care, training, education, and research are essential for addressing the burden of musculoskeletal diseases.