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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Subviral Agents01:29

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 24, 2025

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

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Viruses from animals.

Michael Le Page

    New Scientist (1971)
    |April 15, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Zoonotic diseases pose a significant threat to global health. Understanding these cross-species infections is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Zoonotic infections, originating in animals, represent a persistent and evolving threat to human populations worldwide.
    • The emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens underscores the critical need for enhanced surveillance and interdisciplinary research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the mechanisms and impact of cross-species pathogen transmission.
    • To identify key factors contributing to the spillover of infections from animal reservoirs to humans.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing genomic sequencing to trace pathogen evolution and transmission routes.
    • Employing epidemiological modeling to assess the spread and potential impact of zoonotic diseases.
    • Conducting comparative analyses of host-pathogen interactions across different species.

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    Main Results:

    • Identified specific viral and bacterial species with high potential for zoonotic transmission.
    • Quantified the increased risk of zoonotic disease emergence in areas with high human-animal interaction.
    • Characterized novel molecular pathways facilitating cross-species infection.

    Conclusions:

    • Cross-species pathogen transmission is a complex phenomenon requiring integrated One Health approaches.
    • Effective control of zoonotic diseases necessitates global cooperation in surveillance, research, and public health interventions.