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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Tumor Initiation and Progression.

Ruben Mercado Santos1, Cerena Moreno1, Wen Cai Zhang1

  • 1Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are dysregulated in lung cancer. Understanding these molecules offers potential for improved diagnostics and treatments.

Keywords:
RNA editingRNA modificationscancer metabolismimmortalizationlong non-coding RNAlung cancermicroRNAoncogenetumor initiationtumor progression

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play crucial roles in cellular processes and are frequently dysregulated in cancer.
  • Dysregulation of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), impacts lung cancer initiation and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the hallmarks of lung cancer initiation and progression.
  • To explore the role of dysregulated non-coding RNAs in these hallmarks.
  • To highlight the potential of targeting ncRNAs for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review summarizing key findings on ncRNAs and lung cancer hallmarks.
  • Analysis of ncRNA involvement in tumor initiation (e.g., stemness, oncogene activation) and progression (e.g., metastasis, drug resistance).
  • Discussion of how ncRNAs influence critical signaling and metabolic pathways in lung cancer.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNAs are implicated in critical lung cancer hallmarks such as tumor-initiating cells, immortalization, oncogene activation, tumor suppressor inactivation, metastasis, and drug resistance.
  • Dysregulated ncRNAs can modulate vital metabolic and cell signaling pathways driving tumorigenesis and pathological processes.
  • Targeting ncRNAs presents a potential strategy for interfering with lung cancer development and progression.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs are key players in the complex landscape of lung cancer.
  • Further research into ncRNAs can lead to novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • Understanding ncRNA functions is crucial for improving early detection and clinical outcomes in lung cancer patients.