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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Complex Oligosaccharide Utilization Pathways in Lactobacillus.

Manuel Zunga1, Maria Jesus Yebra2, Vicente Monedero1

  • 1Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC).

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|April 23, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactobacillus bacteria are key probiotics, thriving in the gut by metabolizing diverse carbohydrates, including prebiotics. This review details their complex carbohydrate catabolic pathways at biochemical and genetic levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Lactobacillus is a prominent bacterial genus known for its probiotic properties.
  • Lactobacilli possess a remarkable ability to metabolize a wide array of carbohydrates, crucial for survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • The utilization of complex carbohydrates, such as milk oligosaccharides and their precursor monosaccharides, provides a competitive advantage and defines many prebiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of carbohydrate metabolism in Lactobacillus.
  • To summarize the biochemical and genetic pathways involved in the catabolism of complex carbohydrates by Lactobacillus strains.
  • To highlight the significance of carbohydrate utilization for probiotic function and survival.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on Lactobacillus carbohydrate metabolism.
  • Analysis of genomic data revealing genes involved in carbohydrate utilization.
  • Biochemical and genetic characterization of catabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Lactobacilli exhibit diverse carbohydrate utilization capabilities, essential for their probiotic role.
  • Genome sequencing has identified numerous genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism in Lactobacillus.
  • Specific catabolic pathways for complex carbohydrates have been elucidated at biochemical and genetic levels.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Lactobacillus carbohydrate metabolism is key to optimizing probiotic applications.
  • The genetic and biochemical pathways for complex carbohydrate utilization confer a competitive advantage to Lactobacillus in the gut.
  • This review consolidates knowledge on these pathways, aiding future research and development of prebiotic and probiotic strategies.