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Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Inheritance

Inheritance

Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
Each gene exists in pairs, and the combination of these genes from both parents forms an individual's genotype. This genotype is a blueprint of potential traits. Examples of genotype...

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.

Pedigree Analysis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice

Administration of Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice

Published on: August 1, 2025

Cannabinoid Inheritance Relies on Complex Genetic Architecture.

Lesley G Campbell¹, Jaimie Dufresne¹, Sarah A Sabatinos¹

¹Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research

|April 24, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cannabis sativa cannabinoid inheritance is more complex than previously thought. Genetic models reveal nonadditive effects, including maternal and cytoplasmic influences, impacting THC, CBD, and CBC concentrations.

Keywords:

composite genetic effects genetic architecture hemp joint-scaling test line cross analysis marijuana

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Area of Science:

Plant Genetics
Cannabis sativa research
Molecular Biology

Background:

Cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa, specifically Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), is crucial for crop breeding and regulation.
Previous models suggested simple additive genetic control for THC and CBD inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate alternative genetic models for cannabinoid inheritance in Cannabis sativa.
To identify genetic factors influencing the concentration of THC, CBD, and cannabichromene (CBC).

Main Methods:

Utilized an information-theoretic approach to estimate composite genetic effects (CGEs).
Analyzed four pure THC/CBD chemotypes and their F1 and F2 hybrid progeny.
Estimated the effective number of genetic factors controlling cannabinoid concentrations.

Main Results:

Cannabinoid inheritance in Cannabis sativa exhibits nonadditive genetic components, contradicting prior research.
THC concentration is a polygenic trait influenced by additive and dominance effects.
CBD and CBC concentrations appear to be influenced by cytoplasmic genomes, maternal effects, and additive genes.

Conclusions:

Cannabinoid inheritance is more intricate than previously understood, involving complex genetic interactions.
Cytogenetic and maternal contributions are significant, potentially undervalued factors in cannabinoid production.
Further research into the environmental factors affecting cannabinoid synthesis is recommended.