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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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IV, 6. Calicivirus RNA recombination.

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This summary is machine-generated.

RNA recombination is a key driver in the evolution of Coxsackieviruses (CVs). This genetic exchange with other viruses increases pathogen diversity, challenging traditional vaccine-based prevention strategies for viral gastroenteritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • RNA recombination is a significant evolutionary mechanism for many viruses.
  • Enteric viruses like Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, and Rotaviruses exhibit natural recombination.
  • Understanding viral recombination is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of RNA recombination in the evolution of Coxsackieviruses (CVs).
  • To investigate the potential for CVs to recombine with other viruses, including those from different host orders and families.
  • To assess the impact of recombination on viral diversity and gastroenteritis prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of sequence homology and RNA secondary structure between CVs and other viruses.
  • Review of existing literature on natural viral recombinants in enteric viruses.
  • Examination of proposed recombination events across different viral families and genera.

Main Results:

  • Sequence and structural similarities suggest potential recombination loci for CVs.
  • Natural recombinants are well-documented in other enteric viruses, increasing their diversity.
  • Recombination may occur between CVs and Astroviridae, and potentially across broader taxonomic and biologic boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • RNA recombination appears to be a significant factor in CV evolution.
  • Recombination contributes to the genetic diversity of viral pathogens, complicating vaccine development.
  • The study highlights the potential for extensive recombination among diverse viral groups, including CVs.