Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
Larynx
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation
Non-Verbal Cues
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: Dec 23, 2025

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
Published on: February 21, 2011
Ricardo Cardoso1, Rute F Meneses2, José Lumini-Oliveira3
1Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; Transdisciplinary Center of Consciousness Studies of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; FP-B2S - Behaviour and Social Sciences Research Center of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.
Teachers with voice complaints exhibit poorer autonomic nervous system function, indicated by lower heart rate variability (RMSSD and pNN50). They also report more voice-related neurovegetative symptoms like fatigue and neck pain.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: