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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Protein and Protein Structure

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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A Helical Monolayer Ice.

Ying Xu1, Xiaoyu Xuan1, Zhuhua Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Institute of Nanoscience, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|April 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a novel helical ice monolayer structure. This stable, six-molecule helical arrangement explains experimental observations and highlights hydrogen bonds

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Water wetting layers are crucial for natural and industrial processes.
  • Understanding the structure of ice monolayers on surfaces is an ongoing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the most stable structure of an ice monolayer.
  • To explain experimental observations of ice grown on surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive structural search using ab initio calculations.
  • Comparison of the proposed helical ice model with experimental data (lattice parameter, water density, Moiré pattern).

Main Results:

  • A stable helical ice monolayer structure was discovered, with six water molecules arranged helically.
  • This helical ice structure is more stable than previous models across various conditions.
  • The helical model accurately explains experimental data for ice monolayers on graphite.

Conclusions:

  • The helical ice monolayer represents a new, highly stable ice phase.
  • The helical geometry enhances hydrogen bonding, leading to increased stability.
  • This finding suggests hydrogen bonds can drive complex surface reconstructions in ice.