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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

4.3K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

3.9K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
3.9K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

4.6K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
4.6K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

12.4K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
12.4K
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

440
When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
440
Force Classification01:22

Force Classification

2.2K
Forces play a crucial role in the study of physics and engineering. They are essential in describing the motion, behavior, and equilibrium of objects in the physical world. Forces can be classified based on their origin, type, and direction of action.
Contact and non-contact forces are two of the most widely used categories of forces. As the name suggests, contact forces require physical contact between two objects to act upon each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional,...
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Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
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Thunderstorm Cloud-Type Classification from Space-Based Lightning Imagers.

Michael Peterson1, Scott Rudlosky2, Daile Zhang3

  • 1ISR-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

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A new algorithm uses Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) data to identify convective and non-convective storm regions. This method aids in understanding thunderstorm hazards and complements existing cloud type products.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Meteorology
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Thunderstorm structure dictates hazard severity and Earth system impacts.
  • Differentiating convective from stratiform regions is crucial for operational forecasting and research.
  • Existing cloud type algorithms using radar, microwave, and GOES ABI have limitations in temporal/spatial coverage and microphysical basis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel cloud type algorithm utilizing Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) data.
  • To identify convective and non-convective regions within thunderstorms based on lightning flash data.
  • To provide a complementary tool for situational awareness of electrified storm features.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a cloud type algorithm for GOES GLM observations.
  • Algorithm identifies convective/non-convective regions by analyzing lightning flash data signatures.
  • Leverages rapid 20-second updates from GLM across GOES-16/GOES-17 domains.

Main Results:

  • The algorithm successfully identifies convective/non-convective storm regions using lightning data.
  • GLM-based product offers rapid, all-day situational awareness.
  • The algorithm does not classify lightning-free storm regions.

Conclusions:

  • The GLM cloud type algorithm provides valuable insights into thunderstorm electrification and structure.
  • It complements existing cloud type products by focusing on lightning physics.
  • A future integrated ABI/GLM algorithm could combine strengths for enhanced storm analysis.