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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Atmospheric Physics
    • Optical Communications

    Background:

    • Atmospheric turbulence causes signal fluctuations (scintillation) in propagating light beams.
    • Existing analytical methods have primarily focused on phase distortions, with less attention to amplitude effects.
    • Understanding scintillation is crucial for reliable optical communication and remote sensing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop analytical expressions for the variance and power spectral density (PSD) of scintillation.
    • To extend existing propagation models to accurately describe amplitude fluctuations.
    • To derive novel expressions for scintillation under various averaging conditions and analyze fade statistics.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed analytical expressions for log-amplitude fluctuations.
    • Derived separate and unified expressions for scintillation under aperture, path, wavelength, and temporal averaging.
    • Utilized the PSD expression to calculate fade statistics (probability, rate, duration).

    Main Results:

    • Novel expressions for scintillation variance and PSD were developed.
    • Formulas for scintillation under different averaging conditions were derived.
    • Fade statistics, including probability, rate, and average duration, were calculated and validated.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed expressions accurately model atmospheric scintillation and its effects on light beams.
    • The findings extend analytical approaches for atmospheric propagation studies.
    • Results align with existing literature and wave-optics simulations, confirming the validity of the new models.