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Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Overview.
Asghar Ghasemi1, Reza Norouzirad2
1Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis
|May 19, 2020
Summary
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing global health issue. Understanding its complex pathophysiology, beyond the "ominous octet," is crucial for effective treatment and managing T2D complications.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Metabolic Diseases
- Pathophysiology
Background:
- Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is rising globally.
- Glucose homeostasis relies on endogenous glucose production (EGP) and utilization.
- Hepatic glucose production significantly impacts fasting blood glucose levels.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide comprehensive information on T2D classification, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and complications.
- To highlight the expanded understanding of T2D pathogenesis beyond the
- ominous triumvirate
- to the
- ominous octet
- and other factors.
- To emphasize the need for pathophysiological-based treatment approaches for T2D.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on T2D pathophysiology.
- Analysis of glucose homeostasis mechanisms.
- Discussion of the extended pathophysiological defects in T2D.
Main Results:
- Core T2D defects include beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance.
- Pathogenesis involves multiple organs and systems, including liver, kidney, adipocytes, gut, brain, and pancreatic alpha-cells.
- Additional factors like inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia contribute to T2D.
Conclusions:
- T2D is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality.
- Treatment strategies should evolve towards a pathophysiological-based approach.
- Emerging complications, such as cancer, require further investigation in T2D patients.
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