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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 20, 2025

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Real-Time PPP-RTK Performance Analysis Using Ionospheric Corrections from Multi-Scale Network Configurations.

Dimitrios Psychas1,2, Sandra Verhagen1

  • 1Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 30, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Precise Point Positioning with Real-Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) convergence is faster with ionospheric corrections from dense regional networks. Denser networks significantly reduce convergence times for centimeter-level accuracy, even during ionospheric disturbances.

Keywords:
GNSSPPP-RTK network and userconvergence timeinteger ambiguity resolution (IAR)ionospheric correctionsnetwork density

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Area of Science:

  • Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering
  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Atmospheric Science (Ionosphere)

Background:

  • Precise Point Positioning with Real-Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) typically has long convergence times due to ionospheric delays.
  • Real-time ionospheric corrections can significantly reduce PPP-RTK convergence times to centimeter-level accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze real-time PPP-RTK user performance using ionospheric corrections from multi-scale regional networks.
  • To measure the impact of network density on user convergence times for ambiguity-resolved PPP-RTK solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Processed GPS dual-frequency data from four U.S. CORS networks with varying station spacings (68 km to 237 km).
  • Computed user-specific undifferenced ionospheric corrections and satellite phase biases using the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP).
  • Evaluated user convergence times for ionosphere-weighted, partially-ambiguity-fixed kinematic PPP-RTK solutions.

Main Results:

  • Sub-10 cm horizontal accuracy achieved almost instantaneously with a 68 km spaced network.
  • 90% of solutions using the 68 km network converged in under 6.0 minutes, compared to 68.5 minutes for ionosphere-float PPP.
  • Convergence times showed a linear relationship with network density, decreasing as density increased.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-scale regional network ionospheric corrections substantially improve PPP-RTK convergence times.
  • Network density is a critical factor in achieving rapid, high-precision positioning.
  • The findings are crucial for real-time high-accuracy GNSS applications, even under moderate ionospheric disturbance.