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Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: December 4, 2016
Contrast Media-Different Types of Contrast Media, Their History, Chemical Properties, and Relative Nephrotoxicity
Sadichhya Lohani1, Michael R Rudnick2
1Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 51N 39th Market Street, Suite 240, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Abstract:
History of contrast dates back to the 1890s, with the invention of the radiograph. Nephrotoxicity has been a main limitation in ideal contrast media (CM). High-osmolar contrast media no longer are in clinical use due to overwhelming evidence supporting greater nephrotoxicity with these CM compared with current CM. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains a common cause of in-hospital acute kidney injury. The choice contrast agent is determined mainly by cost and institution practice. This review focuses on the history, chemical properties, and experimental and clinical studies on the various groups of CM and their role in CIN.
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