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Alicia Forsberg1,2, Wendy Johnson3, Robert H Logie3

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Summary
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Labeling enhances working memory (WM) in both younger and older adults. However, older adults may rely more on verbal strategies for visual memory.

Keywords:
Cognitive agingDelayed estimationMemory precisionVerbal labelingVisual working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Aging

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) decline is a hallmark of cognitive aging.
  • Visual and verbal WM capacities decline at varying rates with age.
  • Labeling can enhance visual memory by activating long-term memory (LTM) knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate findings on labeling's effect on visual memory in younger adults.
  • To investigate whether labeling benefits healthy older adults.
  • To compare age-related differences in visual memory strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Delayed estimation paradigm comparing performance in silence, overt labeling, and articulatory suppression.
  • Assessment of memory performance across different age groups.
  • Analysis of categorical versus continuous memory representations.

Main Results:

  • Overt labeling improved memory performance in both younger and older adults.
  • Older adults showed evidence of increased subvocal labeling in silence compared to younger adults.
  • Younger adults' visual memory improved continuously with labeling, suggesting LTM activation.
  • Older adults' visual memory improved categorically with labeling, indicating reliance on verbal traces.

Conclusions:

  • Labeling benefits visual memory across the adult lifespan, but through different mechanisms.
  • Older adults may utilize verbal strategies more extensively in visual memory tasks.
  • Visual memory paradigms may not measure identical cognitive abilities in younger versus older adults.
  • Age-related differences in strategic preferences must be considered in visual memory research.