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Related Concept Videos

Bricks01:14

Bricks

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Bricks, a fundamental building material, are crafted from fired clay and exhibit a range of shapes, sizes, and colors. The production process starts with extracting local clay or shale, which is then crushed, ground, and screened for a fine texture. The refined material is blended with water, creating a pliable mixture that can be formed into bricks using one of three processes: soft mud, dry press, or stiff mud methods.
Soft mud bricks are shaped in molds with high moisture content and can be...
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Brick Sizes01:21

Brick Sizes

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Brick sizing plays a crucial role in construction, influencing both the aesthetics and structural integrity of buildings. Bricks are defined by three dimensions: width, thickness, and length. They are commonly designed to fit modular measurements, typically in multiples of 4 inches or 8 inches in width, to facilitate uniform construction and compatibility with other building materials.
Modular bricks are the most common type and are sized to include the mortar joint, which is essential for...
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Brick Classifications01:16

Brick Classifications

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Bricks, a fundamental component of construction, are categorized based on their application and structural characteristics into several types. These include facing bricks, building bricks, hollow bricks, paving bricks, and firebricks. Facing bricks, also referred to as face bricks, are primarily used for both structural support and visual appeal, making their appearance a crucial aspect. In contrast, building bricks are typically used in concealed sections of a structure, such as behind the...
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Brick Durability, Strength, and Appearance01:15

Brick Durability, Strength, and Appearance

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Brick durability, strength, and appearance are crucial factors in construction, influencing the choice of bricks for specific applications. The process of freeze-thaw, for instance, significantly affects brick durability. This phenomenon occurs when water absorbed by a brick expands as it freezes, potentially causing damage when it melts and refreezes. Bricks are graded for durability: SW-grade bricks are the most durable, offering high strength and low water absorption, followed by MW-grade...
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Blinding01:11

Blinding

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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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Brick Cutting Techniques01:08

Brick Cutting Techniques

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Brick-cutting techniques involve various tools and methods to shape bricks for construction. A mason's hammer with a chisel-pointed end is used for basic shaping through sharp, precise strikes. For more complex shapes requiring higher precision, a power saw with a water-cooled diamond blade is used.
Cut bricks are categorized by size. Bricks cut to half their original length are called half-bats, while those cut to three-fourths their length are known as three-fourth bats.
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Updated: Dec 20, 2025

Updated Protocol for the Assembly and Use of the Minibioreactor Array (MBRA)
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Updated Protocol for the Assembly and Use of the Minibioreactor Array (MBRA)

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A BRAF new world.

Daniele Frisone1, Alex Friedlaender2, Umberto Malapelle3

  • 1IOSI - Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland.

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
|June 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

BRAF mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are diverse, with non-V600E types lacking targeted therapies. This review updates knowledge on BRAF mutations in NSCLC, highlighting therapeutic disparities.

Keywords:
BRAFNSCLCTarget therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • BRAF mutations are rare but targetable in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • BRAF mutations in lung adenocarcinoma exhibit significant diversity beyond single point mutations.
  • A critical distinction exists between V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations, impacting clinical and therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on BRAF mutations in NSCLC.
  • To provide an updated scientific understanding of the various types of BRAF mutations in NSCLC.
  • To highlight the clinical and therapeutic implications of different BRAF mutations, particularly non-V600E variants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of emerging evidence on BRAF mutation prevalence and characteristics in NSCLC.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge regarding BRAF V600E versus non-V600E mutations.

Main Results:

  • BRAF mutations in NSCLC, especially lung adenocarcinoma, are more varied than previously thought.
  • Non-V600E BRAF mutations are as common as V600E mutations in NSCLC.
  • Non-V600E BRAF mutations currently lack established targeted therapeutic options.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the heterogeneity of BRAF mutations in NSCLC is crucial for personalized treatment strategies.
  • The prevalence and clinical significance of non-V600E BRAF mutations warrant further investigation.
  • Development of targeted therapies for non-V600E BRAF mutations is a critical unmet need in NSCLC treatment.