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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

64.9K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
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Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

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Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
13.9K
Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

7.4K
The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
7.4K
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

2.2K
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 19, 2025

A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins
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A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins

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Hemagglutinin Structure and Activities.

Steven J Gamblin1, Sébastien G Vachieri1, Xiaoli Xiong1

  • 1Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|June 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) bind cells and fuse membranes for infection. This review details HA structures, functions, and antibody interactions for 16 influenza A subtypes.

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Subnanometer-resolution Structural Determination of Hemagglutinin from Cryo-electron Tomography of Influenza Viruses
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A Miniaturized Glycan Microarray Assay for Assessing Avidity and Specificity of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinins
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Subnanometer-resolution Structural Determination of Hemagglutinin from Cryo-electron Tomography of Influenza Viruses
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Subnanometer-resolution Structural Determination of Hemagglutinin from Cryo-electron Tomography of Influenza Viruses

Published on: November 7, 2025

383

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hemagglutinins (HAs) are key glycoproteins on influenza viruses responsible for cell attachment and membrane fusion.
  • HA's limited affinity for sialic acid receptors necessitates multiple HA interactions for effective virus binding.
  • HA-mediated membrane fusion is triggered in endosomes at acidic pH (5-6.5), involving conformational changes and fusion peptide extrusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the structures of the 16 influenza A virus HA subtypes.
  • To correlate HA structures with their dual functions in virus replication: receptor binding and membrane fusion.
  • To examine the recognition of HA by neutralizing antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on influenza A hemagglutinin structures and functions.
  • Analysis of structural data in relation to HA's role in virus-host cell interactions.
  • Discussion of antibody binding sites on HA and their impact on viral neutralization.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural insights into the 16 distinct influenza A HA subtypes.
  • Elucidation of structure-function relationships governing HA's receptor binding and membrane fusion.
  • Characterization of HA epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • HA structure is critical for influenza virus entry and replication.
  • Understanding HA structure-function relationships aids in developing antiviral strategies.
  • Targeting HA with antibodies offers a promising avenue for influenza neutralization.