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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
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Sustained representation of perspectival shape.

Jorge Morales1, Axel Bax2, Chaz Firestone1,3,4

  • 1Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; jorge.morales@jhu.edu chaz@jhu.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Objects retain a persistent "perspectival shape" even when their true, objective shape is known. This visual perception finding suggests our experience of shape is dual-natured, influenced by viewpoint and objective reality.

Keywords:
constancyperspectivephilosophyrepresentationshape

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Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Shape constancy

Background:

  • Perception research posits we infer the distal environment, not proximal stimulation.
  • The debate on whether perspectival shapes persist after knowing the objective shape is ongoing.
  • Previous arguments relied on introspection, lacking empirical testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test if perspectival shapes persist in perception.
  • To investigate if a rotated circular coin impairs the search for a distal ellipse.
  • To determine if visual perception accounts for both objective and perspectival shapes.

Main Methods:

  • Nine experiments were conducted using 3D "coins" in search arrays.
  • Participants located a distally elliptical coin among distractors.
  • Stimuli included static and dynamic cues, artificial and real-world objects.

Main Results:

  • Rotated circular coins significantly slowed the search for elliptical targets.
  • This effect persisted even when participants knew the coins were circular.
  • The findings were robust across various conditions, including naturalistic viewing.

Conclusions:

  • Perspectival shapes persist in the mind longer than traditionally assumed.
  • Objects possess a dual character: objective shape and perspectival shape.
  • Visual perception integrates both objective reality and viewpoint-dependent appearance.