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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Updated: Dec 18, 2025

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
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[The failing right ventricle].

Alma Kastberg1, Gustav Mattsson2, Peter Magnusson3

  • 1läkarstuderande, institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, Örebro universitet.

Lakartidningen
|June 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Right-sided heart failure is common but poorly understood. Echocardiography aids diagnosis, while volume management is key for acute and chronic cases, with limited evidence for certain medications in chronic forms.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Right-sided heart failure (RHF) is a prevalent condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Despite its clinical importance, the pathophysiology and management of RHF remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of right-sided heart failure diagnosis and management.
  • To highlight the role of echocardiography and volume management in RHF treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on right-sided heart failure.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tools, focusing on echocardiographic parameters.
  • Evaluation of treatment strategies for acute and chronic RHF.

Main Results:

  • Echocardiography, utilizing tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and fractional area change, is the primary diagnostic modality.
  • Volume management is crucial in both acute and chronic RHF; diuresis is prioritized in acute settings.
  • Limited evidence supports RAAS-blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, or digoxin for chronic RHF.
  • Vasodilator therapy may benefit RHF secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension but not other forms of pulmonary hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of RHF relies on echocardiographic assessment.
  • Effective volume management, particularly diuresis in acute phases, is central to RHF treatment.
  • Pharmacological interventions for chronic RHF lack strong supporting evidence, with specific considerations for pulmonary arterial hypertension-related cases.