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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

29.8K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.8K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.8K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

8.8K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
8.8K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

13.8K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
13.8K
Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

10.2K
For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
10.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

12.3K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
12.3K

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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Single-Atom Alloy Catalysis.

Ryan T Hannagan, Georgios Giannakakis, Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos

    Chemical Reviews
    |June 27, 2020
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Single-atom alloys (SAAs) offer superior catalytic performance by dispersing active elements on inert metals. These advanced materials enhance reaction efficiency and selectivity, presenting new opportunities in catalysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Heterogeneous catalysis
    • Materials science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Single-atom alloys (SAAs) are crucial in single-site catalysis, featuring active elements dispersed on inert host metals.
    • SAAs exhibit unique geometric properties, decoupling transition states from intermediate binding sites for enhanced catalysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the preparation, characterization, and catalytic applications of single-atom alloys.
    • To explore the general properties and future research directions for SAAs in electro-, photo-, and thermal catalysis.

    Main Methods:

    • Preparation and characterization of model SAA systems and nanoparticle catalysts.
    • Comprehensive review of existing SAA literature categorized by reaction type.

    Main Results:

    • SAAs enable facile reactant dissociation and weak intermediate binding, improving catalytic efficiency and selectivity.
    • SAAs deviate from traditional transition metal scaling relationships, offering advantages over conventional catalysts.
    • SAAs demonstrate reduced CO poisoning, cost-effectiveness, bifunctional mechanisms, and enhanced resistance to coking.

    Conclusions:

    • Single-atom alloys represent a promising class of heterogeneous catalysts with significant potential for industrial applications.
    • Further research into SAA properties and applications can drive innovation in catalysis and materials science.