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Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
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A linear circuit is characterized by its output having a direct proportionality to its input, adhering to the linearity property, which encompasses the principles of homogeneity (scaling) and additivity. Homogeneity dictates that when the input, also referred to as the excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the output, known as the response, is correspondingly scaled by the same constant factor. For instance, if the current is multiplied by a constant 'k,' the voltage likewise...
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Linear Versus Nonlinear Electro-Optic Effects in Materials.

Zhijun Jiang1,2,3, Charles Paillard2,4, Hongjun Xiang1,5

  • 1Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Physical Review Letters
|July 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two novel schemes compute the nonlinear electro-optic (EO) tensor for ferroelectric oxides. These methods explain why lead zirconate titanate shows linear EO response, while barium titanate exhibits nonlinear behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Nonlinear electro-optic (EO) effects are crucial for optical device applications.
  • Understanding the origins of varying EO responses in ferroelectric materials is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate two novel computational schemes for determining the nonlinear EO tensor.
  • To elucidate the atomistic origins of differing EO responses in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and BaTiO3.

Main Methods:

  • Development of two distinct computational schemes to calculate the nonlinear EO tensor.
  • Application of these schemes to Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and BaTiO3 ferroelectric oxides.
  • Utilizing ab initio calculations to analyze field-induced phonon mode frequencies and force constants.

Main Results:

  • Successfully reproduced the observed difference in EO linearity between Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 and BaTiO3.
  • Demonstrated that Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 exhibits a predominantly linear EO response.
  • Showcased BaTiO3's strongly nonlinear conversion between electric and optical properties.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed ab initio schemes provide atomistic insight into nonlinear EO phenomena.
  • Field-induced phonon mode behavior and force constant changes explain the distinct EO responses.
  • These findings advance the understanding and design of ferroelectric materials for optical applications.