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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
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Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
12:24

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy

Published on: September 29, 2016

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Artificial Signal Transduction.

Robert Bekus1, Thomas Schrader1

  • 1University of Duisburg-Essen Faculty of Chemistry Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany.

Chemistryopen
|July 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemists are developing artificial models to mimic cell signal transduction across membranes. These synthetic systems explore molecular recognition and transmembrane signaling for potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
cell membranesfluorescenceliposomesmessengerssignal transduction

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Cellular communication relies on signal transduction pathways involving transmembrane signaling.
  • These pathways transmit external stimuli into cellular responses via molecular cascades.
  • Artificial models are emerging to study and potentially restore natural signal transduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pioneering chemical efforts in creating artificial signal transduction models.
  • To explore synthetic systems that mimic transmembrane signaling across lipid bilayers.
  • To highlight models incorporating elements like primary/secondary messengers and cargo release.

Main Methods:

  • Review of chemical synthesis and self-assembly of receptor amphiphiles on liposomes.
  • Analysis of studies on transmembrane signaling across artificial lipid bilayers.
  • Examination of systems designed for molecular recognition and signal amplification.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of molecular recognition events on liposome surfaces.
  • Development of simple transmembrane signaling across lipid bilayers.
  • Construction of more complex models with messenger functions and cellular responses.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial models provide valuable insights into fundamental signal transduction principles.
  • Synthetic systems offer a platform for studying and potentially engineering biological communication.
  • Future work may lead to artificial systems capable of repairing damaged cellular signaling.