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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

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PrEParing for Preexposure Prophylaxis.

Michelle Peters Zappas1, Ruth Madden Foreman2

  • 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Zappas@USC.edu.

Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice
|July 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can significantly reduce HIV diagnoses. Increased primary care provider (PCP) awareness and confidence in prescribing PrEP are crucial for reaching at-risk populations and achieving further HIV prevention.

Keywords:
HIV preventionHIV transmissionpreexposure prophylaxisprimary care

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Prevention
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Truvada (emtricitabine [FTC]/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF]) for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in 2012, leading to an initial decline in HIV diagnoses.
  • Recent stabilization in new HIV diagnoses suggests preventative efforts are not adequately reaching high-risk populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To increase primary care provider (PCP) awareness and confidence in prescribing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention.
  • To equip PCPs to effectively discuss risk reduction, initiate, and monitor PrEP therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A case-based approach is utilized to enhance provider understanding and application of PrEP guidelines.
  • Key aspects including target populations, laboratory monitoring, and potential side effects are reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Discussion includes essential patient counseling points on PrEP dosing, administration, and management of side effects or adverse events.
  • The review covers necessary baseline and follow-up laboratory assessments for PrEP initiation and monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a vital public health tool for continued reduction in HIV incidence.
  • Primary care providers (PCPs) should proactively offer PrEP to individuals at high risk for HIV infection.