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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management01:30

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

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The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:
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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
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Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
892
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

638
Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in...
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
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2025 Inborn errors of immunity practice parameter: Guidance from the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) and the Clinical Immunology Society (CIS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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Rhinitis 2020: A practice parameter update.

Mark S Dykewicz1, Dana V Wallace2, David J Amrol3

  • 1Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|July 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This practice parameter offers updated guidance for diagnosing and treating allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). Intranasal corticosteroids are preferred for persistent AR, with combination therapy showing added benefits.

Keywords:
Allergic rhinitisallergen immunotherapycorticosteroidsdecongestantsfood allergy antihistaminesipratropiumlocal allergic rhinitisnonallergic rhinitisvasomotor rhinitis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Rhinitis, encompassing allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), affects a significant portion of the population.
  • Current treatment guidelines require updates to reflect recent research on pharmacologic interventions and allergen immunotherapy.
  • Cough is a recognized symptom in both AR and NAR, necessitating consideration in diagnostic and treatment algorithms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide comprehensive, updated guidance on the diagnosis, assessment, and management of AR and NAR.
  • To review the latest evidence on pharmacologic monotherapy and combination treatments for AR and NAR.
  • To outline recommendations for allergen immunotherapy and address specific patient populations and emerging information on local AR.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of existing literature and evidence-based research was conducted.
  • Expert opinion and consensus were integrated to develop clinical algorithms.
  • Guidance was formulated for pharmacologic options, including intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, and other agents, as well as allergen immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) remain the preferred monotherapy for persistent AR.
  • Combination therapy with INCS and intranasal antihistamines demonstrates additive benefits for both AR and NAR.
  • Food allergy testing is not recommended for routine rhinitis evaluation; acupuncture and herbal products lack sufficient evidence for AR treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Updated algorithms guide the selection of pharmacologic options for intermittent and persistent AR and NAR.
  • INCS are foundational for persistent AR, with combination therapies offering enhanced efficacy.
  • Specific recommendations address the use of allergen immunotherapy, limitations of certain medications (e.g., montelukast, depot corticosteroids), and short-term use of intranasal decongestants.