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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Isolation of Mouse Kidney-Resident CD8+ T cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis
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A committed tissue-resident memory T cell precursor within the circulating CD8+ effector T cell pool.

Lianne Kok1, Feline E Dijkgraaf1, Jos Urbanus1

  • 1Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|July 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified committed tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) precursors within circulating effector T cells (TEFF). This discovery reveals that the potential to become TRM is established early, even before cells enter tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are crucial for immunity against pathogens and cancer.
  • The origins and relationships of TRM cells with other CD8+ T cell populations remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental origins of TRM cells.
  • To determine the relationship between TRM cells and circulating T cell compartments.

Main Methods:

  • Lineage tracing of antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells.
  • Single-cell transcriptome analysis.
  • Tracking T cell progeny into effector (TEFF), circulating memory (TCIRCM), and TRM pools.

Main Results:

  • A subset of T cell clones shows a strong propensity to develop into TRM cells.
  • TRM-fate-associated gene expression is enriched in circulating TEFF cells derived from these clones.
  • The capacity to generate TRM is imprinted at the clonal level before tissue entry.

Conclusions:

  • TRM cell fate decisions occur early in T cell development.
  • Committed TRM precursor cells exist within the circulating TEFF compartment.
  • These findings shed light on the early differentiation pathways of TRM cells.