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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Teratogen update: Antithyroid medications.

Alfred N Romeo1, Sarah G Običan2

  • 1MotherToBaby Utah, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Birth Defects Research
|August 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy requires careful management. Antithyroid medications like propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) have potential risks, and more research is needed for safe treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Keywords:
congenital anomalieshyperthyroidismmethimazolepregnancypropylthiouracil

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders, particularly hyperthyroidism, are common in pregnancy.
  • Untreated hyperthyroidism poses risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on antithyroid medication use in pregnant and breastfeeding women.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of common hyperthyroidism treatments during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on iodine, propylthiouracil (PTU), carbimazole (CMZ), and methimazole (MMI).
  • Analysis of animal and epidemiological studies concerning medication effects on congenital anomalies.
  • Examination of data on medication transfer into breastmilk.

Main Results:

  • Animal studies suggest potential congenital anomalies with PTU and MMI, though human data is mixed.
  • Epidemiological studies show an increased risk of anomalies with PTU, CMZ, and MMI, but evidence is inconsistent.
  • PTU carries a small risk of hepatotoxicity; MMI and PTU are present in breastmilk.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence on the safety of PTU, CMZ, and MMI in pregnancy is not definitive.
  • Additional research is essential for guiding medical management and counseling for pregnant and breastfeeding women with hyperthyroidism.