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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Solid-Liquid Transition of Deformable and Overlapping Active Particles.

Benjamin Loewe1, Michael Chiang2, Davide Marenduzzo2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|August 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell extrusion, not just shape, influences tissue transitions. Overlapping cells create a first-order melting transition and intermittent solid-liquid states, impacting tissue homeostasis and development.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Epithelial tissues exhibit solid-liquid and glass-liquid transitions relevant to development and disease.
  • Existing models often overlook cell extrusion's role in tissue homeostasis, focusing primarily on cell shape.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solid-liquid transition in confluent cell monolayers using a multiphase field model.
  • To explore the impact of cell overlap, as a precursor to extrusion, on tissue transition dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multiphase field model to simulate deformable cells in a confluent monolayer.
  • Allowed cell overlap to model extrusion precursors.
  • Analyzed the dynamics of disclinations (five- and sevenfold) in the cell center lattice.

Main Results:

  • Cell overlap, rather than deformation, alters the melting transition from continuous to first-order-like.
  • An intermittent regime emerges near the transition, with alternating solid and liquid states.
  • Disclination dynamics correlate with cellular overlap fluctuations, and extrusion initiates near fivefold disclinations.

Conclusions:

  • Cell extrusion is a critical factor in epithelial solid-liquid transitions, influencing tissue mechanics.
  • Cell overlap dynamics provide insights into tissue remodeling and homeostasis maintenance.
  • The study highlights a new mechanism governing epithelial tissue phase transitions.