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An Approach towards Motion-Tolerant PPG-Based Algorithm for Real-Time Heart Rate Monitoring of Moving Pigs.

Ali Youssef1, Alberto Peña Fernández1, Laura Wassermann2

  • 1Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU LEUVEN), Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee/Leuven, Belgium.

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This study demonstrates the potential of affordable Photo Plethysmography (PPG) technology for continuous, objective animal welfare monitoring in pigs. The developed algorithm achieved 91-95% agreement with reference measures for pig heart rate.

Keywords:
continuous wavelet transform (CWT)motion artefactsphotoplethysmography (PPG)pig′s heart rate

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Objective, continuous animal welfare monitoring is crucial in livestock, but currently challenging.
  • Physiological measurements offer a more objective approach than behavioral scoring.
  • Heart rate is a key indicator of stress and welfare in animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of using affordable Photo Plethysmography (PPG) technology for reliable heart rate monitoring in pigs.
  • To develop and validate an algorithm for extracting pig heart rate from PPG signals.
  • To compare PPG-derived heart rate with electrocardiogram (ECG) reference measurements across different animal states and sensor placements.

Main Methods:

  • Photo Plethysmography (PPG) sensors were applied to pigs at the ear, leg, and tail.
  • A continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based algorithm utilizing Derivative of Gaussian (DOG) wavelets was developed to isolate cardiac signals.
  • PPG heart rate measurements were validated against electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in both anesthetized and non-anesthetized pigs.

Main Results:

  • The PPG-based heart rate monitoring system demonstrated good agreement with ECG reference measurements, ranging from 91% to 95%.
  • The developed CWT algorithm successfully extracted reliable heart rate signals from PPG data.
  • Performance varied slightly across different anatomical sensor positions (ear, leg, tail).

Conclusions:

  • Affordable PPG technology holds significant potential for objective, continuous heart rate monitoring in pigs, contributing to improved animal welfare assessment.
  • The validated PPG-based method offers a promising, non-invasive alternative to traditional welfare monitoring techniques.
  • Further research can optimize sensor placement and algorithms for widespread adoption in the livestock industry.