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Related Concept Videos

Information Processing Approach01:30

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the role of thinking in a child's learning process, suggesting that children are naturally curious about their environment. His approach to development is discontinuous, proposing that cognitive abilities progress through distinct stages, each with unique characteristics. Central to Piaget's theory is schemata—mental structures that allow individuals to understand and interpret the world.
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Related Experiment Video

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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Improving practices and inferences in developmental cognitive neuroscience.

John C Flournoy1, Nandita Vijayakumar2, Theresa W Cheng3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
|August 8, 2020
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Summary

This study addresses research integrity in developmental cognitive neuroscience by distinguishing between confirmatory and exploratory data analysis. It offers strategies for robust, reproducible neurobiological data interpretation.

Keywords:
ExploratoryInferenceParcellationsPreregistrationReproducibilityThresholding

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience Research Methods

Background:

  • Growing concerns exist regarding research practices in cognitive neuroscience and psychology.
  • These concerns impact the reliability of inferences drawn from neurobiological data in developmental cognitive neuroscience.
  • Ensuring strong and defensible inferences is crucial for the field's progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical distinction between confirmatory and exploratory data analysis in developmental cognitive neuroscience.
  • To propose strategies for enhancing the rigor and reproducibility of research in this field.
  • To support the generation of strong and defensible inferences from neurobiological data.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of issues in confirmatory research, including analytic flexibility, hypothesis instantiation, and error rate control.
  • Presentation of exploratory analysis strategies: effect size estimation, parcellations, and specification curve analyses.
  • Summary of defensible null hypothesis significance testing approaches for confirmatory analyses.

Main Results:

  • Identified challenges in confirmatory analysis, such as analytic flexibility and multiple comparison corrections.
  • Proposed exploratory analysis as a complementary strategy to mitigate confirmatory analysis concerns.
  • Outlined transparent and reproducible practices for null hypothesis significance testing.

Conclusions:

  • Distinguishing between confirmatory and exploratory analyses is vital for robust developmental cognitive neuroscience.
  • Implementing strategies like effect size reporting and specification curve analysis enhances research integrity.
  • Adopting transparent and reproducible practices strengthens the validity of neurobiological data inferences.