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Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
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Small lightning flashes from shallow electrical storms on Jupiter.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • Previous Jupiter lightning observations limited by camera sensitivity and distance.
  • Flash rates estimated at 4 × 10⁻³ per km²/year, with spatial extents of ~30 km.
  • Flashes interpreted as tracers of moist convection near the 5-bar level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report new optical observations of Jovian lightning by the Juno spacecraft.
  • To characterize lightning flash energies, durations, and rates with unprecedented detail.
  • To investigate the atmospheric origin and generation mechanisms of Jovian lightning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Juno spacecraft's optical instruments for lightning detection.
  • Analyzed flash energies ranging from 10⁵–10⁸ joules.
  • Measured flash durations as short as 5.4 milliseconds and inter-flash separations in milliseconds.

Main Results:

  • Observed a Jovian lightning flash rate of 6.1 × 10⁻² per km²/year, over an order of magnitude higher than previously reported.
  • Detected flashes with small spatial extents, indicating origins above the 2-bar level.
  • Measured flash energies comparable to terrestrial lightning.

Conclusions:

  • Jovian lightning occurs at a significantly higher rate than previously estimated.
  • The presence of lightning above the 2-bar level suggests water is not essential for flash generation.
  • Multiple lightning generation mechanisms likely operate in Jupiter's atmosphere, requiring further investigation into atmospheric convection and composition.