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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

4.7K
The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
4.7K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

8.5K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
8.5K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

5.0K
5.0K
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

12.1K
Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
12.1K
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

20.2K
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
20.2K
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

6.0K
Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
6.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

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Nuclear Egress.

Elizabeth B Draganova1, Michael K Thorsen1, Ekaterina E Heldwein1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|August 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Herpesviruses use nuclear egress, a unique budding process, to move capsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The nuclear egress complex (NEC) proteins UL31 and UL34 are key to this essential viral replication step.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Herpesviruses replicate via nuclear egress, a process essential for capsid translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
  • Capsids are too large for nuclear pores, necessitating a unique budding mechanism across the nuclear membranes.
  • This process involves sequential budding events, including initial nuclear egress and subsequent budding at the Golgi or endosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which the nuclear egress complex (NEC) mediates herpesvirus capsid transport.
  • To elucidate the roles of viral proteins UL31 and UL34 in the NEC-mediated nuclear egress.
  • To discuss regulatory mechanisms and the involvement of other viral factors in NEC-mediated budding.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of herpesvirus replication and nuclear egress.

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Last Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

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A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation
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  • Analysis of conserved viral proteins UL31 and UL34 and their complex formation (NEC).
  • Examination of the steps involved in capsid translocation through the nuclear envelope.

    • Main Results:

    • The nuclear egress complex (NEC), formed by UL31 and UL34, is central to mediating capsid budding from the nucleus.
    • NEC facilitates the transfer of capsids across the inner nuclear membrane to the perinuclear space.
    • The review details events before and after NEC-mediated budding and discusses regulatory factors.

    Conclusions:

    • The NEC is a critical viral machinery for initiating herpesvirus nuclear egress.
    • Understanding NEC function provides insights into herpesvirus replication and potential therapeutic targets.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the regulation of NEC-mediated budding during infection.