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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Reactions01:24

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
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Oxidants in Physiological Processes.

Ulla G Knaus1

  • 1Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ulla.knaus@ucd.ie.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|August 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are vital cell signaling molecules. Imbalances in ROS, whether excessive or deficient, are linked to various diseases, necessitating targeted therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)Congenital hypothyroidismHydrogen peroxide (H2O2)Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)Mitochondrial electron transport chainNADPH oxidases (NOX)Reactive oxygen species (ROS)Redox relayRedox signalingSuperoxide (O2•−)

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Redox Signaling
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play dual roles, with physiological levels essential for cell function and non-physiological levels implicated in disease.
  • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as a crucial diffusible second messenger in redox signaling pathways, distinct from highly reactive oxygen radicals.
  • Dysregulation of ROS production, including underproduction from enzyme mutations, is a risk factor for specific pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental chemistry and biology of ROS, with a focus on H2O2's role in cellular signaling.
  • To propose an integrated perspective on physiological versus non-physiological ROS levels.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting ROS imbalances.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ROS biochemistry, cell biology, and therapeutic interventions.
  • Analysis of primary and secondary ROS-producing enzymes, including NADPH oxidases (NOX), xanthine oxidase (XO), and others.
  • Examination of H2O2 signaling mechanisms, transport via aquaporins (AQPs), and interactions with redox relays.

Main Results:

  • H2O2 is a key signaling molecule involved in redox relays, influencing protein activity such as tyrosine phosphatases.
  • Physiological ROS production is essential for immune responses (e.g., NOX2 oxidative burst) and metabolic processes (e.g., thyroid hormone synthesis by DUOX2/TPO).
  • Loss-of-function variants in ROS-producing enzymes lead to diseases like congenital hypothyroidism and chronic granulomatous disease.

Conclusions:

  • Therapeutic strategies for ROS-related diseases should involve selective inhibition of ROS sources or targeted pro-oxidant approaches.
  • Effective interventions require understanding redox dynamics, cellular environment, and target validation for safety and efficacy.
  • Further development of pro-oxidant therapies is warranted, alongside precise control of ROS production.