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Microbial enzymes catalyzing keratin degradation: Classification, structure, function.

Jingwen Qiu1, Casper Wilkens1, Kristian Barrett1

  • 1Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

Biotechnology Advances
|August 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Keratinases can efficiently degrade keratin biomass, a protein-rich co-product from animal processing. This review analyzes keratinolytic enzymes, their mechanisms, and applications in sustainable protein upcycling.

Keywords:
BiocatalysisKeratinase assayKeratinase classificationKeratinase crystal structuresKeratinasesKeratinolytic mechanismsProtein recyclingα-Keratinβ-Keratin

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Enzymology
  • Sustainable Materials Science

Background:

  • Keratin is an abundant, insoluble protein co-product from poultry and pig processing.
  • Keratin's structure, stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds, presents challenges for degradation.
  • Keratinases are crucial enzymes for breaking down keratin into valuable proteins and amino acids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of keratin biomass as an enzyme substrate.
  • To systematically analyze sequenced keratinolytic enzymes, their classification, and reaction mechanisms.
  • To review keratinase assays, structures, and applications in biorefinery protein upcycling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific databases and the MEROPS database.
  • Analysis of keratinolytic enzyme families (S1, S8, S9, S10, S16, M3, M4, M14, M16, M28, M32, M36, M38, M55).
  • Examination of enzyme reaction mechanisms (endo-attack, exo-attack, oligopeptide action) and the role of disulfide reductases.

Main Results:

  • Keratinolytic enzymes are classified into at least 14 protease families.
  • Different enzyme families exhibit distinct degradation mechanisms.
  • Disulfide reductases are essential for efficient keratin breakdown by keratinases.

Conclusions:

  • Keratin biomass is a valuable substrate for enzymatic degradation.
  • Understanding keratinase mechanisms is key to optimizing protein upcycling.
  • Keratinases hold significant potential for sustainable applications in biorefineries.