Design of all-optical D flip-flop using photonic crystal waveguides for optical computing and networking

The performance of an ultra-compact all-optical D flip-flop using photonic crystal waveguides is numerically analyzed and examined by optimized parameters such as refractive index and silicon rod radius. In the field of optical networking and computing, flip-flops are used to reduce the complexity of digital circuits. The phenomenon of optical interference effect is used to implement a D flip-flop at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This structure is designed using T-shaped waveguides without using non-linear material. The proposed design is small, has low insertion losses of 0.087 dB when operated at low power level, and provides high contrast ratio of 25 dB and transmission ratio of more than 96%.