Immunological Features of Non-neuronal Brain Cells: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Immunotherapy

An interaction network exists among cells within the brain, maintaining brain homeostasis and ensuring its functional plasticity. In addition to neurons, participating cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Peripheral immune cells, such as monocytes and lymphocytes, have also been found to play an important role in supporting the brain in health and assisting in its repair. Here, we describe the multiple immune-specific modes of cellular dialogue among cells within the mammalian brain and their crosstalk with the periphery in both health and disease. We further suggest that interventions directed at boosting the peripheral immune response can restore the balance between the brain and the immune system and can rewire their communication to modify chronic neurodegenerative diseases.