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Standing Waves01:17

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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Wave Parameters01:10

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The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
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In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
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Tidal Forces01:06

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The origin of Earth's ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be the beginning of the proper understanding of the phenomenon. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces. These same tidal forces are present in any astronomical body; they are responsible for the internal heat that creates the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, and the breakup of stars that get too close to...
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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Updated: Dec 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Plankton Response to Climate Change Through Time-Series Data and Artistic Expression
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Attuning to a changing ocean.

Nils Chr Stenseth1,2, Mark R Payne3, Erik Bonsdorff4

  • 1Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; n.c.stenseth@ibv.uio.no.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocean sustainability requires collaboration. Without long-term data, scientific organizations, and trust between policymakers and scientists, decision-making risks ocean health and sustainability.

Keywords:
biologicalclimate changemarine

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Area of Science:

  • Marine science
  • Environmental science
  • Social-ecological systems

Background:

  • Human existence depends on ocean health, yet current practices threaten ocean sustainability.
  • Social-ecological challenges necessitate enhanced knowledge and action through collaboration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the development of collaborations in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas.
  • To understand how regional knowledge contributes to achieving a sustainable ocean.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of collaborative frameworks between scientists, policymakers, and practitioners.
  • Case study of the Nordic countries and adjacent seas.

Main Results:

  • Absence of long-term observations increases decision-making risk due to natural variability.
  • Lack of established scientific organizations can lead to biased advice.
  • Absence of trust between policymakers and scientists results in arbitrary decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Collaboration across disciplines, stakeholders, and nations is essential for effective ocean management.
  • Building trust and maintaining long-term observations are critical for ocean sustainability.