Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

58.2K
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
58.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.4K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.4K
Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

48.2K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
48.2K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

10.7K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
10.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.3K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.3K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.3K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Astragaloside IV Attenuates Heart Failure by Modulating SCAD/DJ-1/SIRT1/FOXO3a Signaling Axis.

The American journal of Chinese medicine·2026
Same author

The effect of sodium restricted diet on the prognosis of heart failure patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same author

Topological Robustness of Anyon Tunneling at ν=1/3.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Hall-on-Toric State: Descendant Laughlin State in the Chiral Z_{p} Toric Code.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Glutamate-Mediated Metabolic Rewiring Boosts CpxA/CpxR-OmpF and Proton Motive Force to Resensitize Antibiotic-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> to Ceftazidime.

ACS infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Triglyceride-glucose-based predictive model for in-hospital mortality in older acute myocardial infarction patients with multimorbidity.

Internal and emergency medicine·2026
Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

16.8K

Constructing Quantum Spin Liquids Using Combinatorial Gauge Symmetry.

Claudio Chamon1, Dmitry Green2, Zhi-Cheng Yang1

  • 1Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|August 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce combinatorial gauge symmetry, a novel local transformation for quantum spins. This symmetry, linked to Hadamard matrices, aids in constructing quantum spin liquids and topological qubits using accessible interactions.

More Related Videos

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.5K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

16.8K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.5K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum information science

Background:

  • Quantum spin liquids are exotic states of matter with potential applications in quantum computing.
  • Building these states often requires complex or physically inaccessible interactions.
  • Topological qubits offer robust quantum computation but their construction is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define combinatorial gauge symmetry for quantum spin systems.
  • To explore the connection between this symmetry and Hamiltonians with two-body interactions.
  • To leverage this symmetry for the construction of quantum spin liquids and topological qubits.

Main Methods:

  • Defining combinatorial gauge symmetry as a combination of single spin rotations and spin permutations.
  • Analyzing Hamiltonians with two-body interactions and identifying conditions for symmetry preservation.
  • Demonstrating the link between combinatorial gauge symmetry and the automorphism of Hadamard matrices under monomial transformations.

Main Results:

  • The introduction of combinatorial gauge symmetry, a local transformation preserving spin commutation relations.
  • Identification that Hamiltonians with two-body interactions possess this symmetry when the coupling matrix is a Hadamard matrix.
  • Establishing a pathway to construct quantum spin liquids with physically accessible interactions using this symmetry.

Conclusions:

  • Combinatorial gauge symmetry provides a powerful tool for understanding and constructing complex quantum states.
  • The findings facilitate the creation of quantum spin liquids and topological qubits with practical interactions.
  • This work bridges fundamental symmetry principles with tangible applications in quantum technologies.